Option 1:

You can use the @Value annotation and access the property in whichever Spring bean you’re using

@Value("${userBucket.path}")
private String userBucketPath;

The Externalized Configuration section of the Spring Boot docs, explains all the details that you might need.

 

Option 2:

Another way is injecting org.springframework.core.env.Environment to your bean.

@Autowired
private Environment env;
....

public void method() {
    .....  
    String path = env.getProperty("userBucket.path");
    .....
}

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PHP offers three different APIs to connect to MySQL. These are the mysql(removed as of PHP 7), mysqli, and PDO extensions.

The mysql_* functions used to be very popular, but their use is not encouraged anymore. The documentation team is discussing the database security situation, and educating users to move away from the commonly used ext/mysql extension is part of this (check php.internals: deprecating ext/mysql).

And the later PHP developer team has taken the decision to generate E_DEPRECATED errors when users connect to MySQL, whether through mysql_connect(), mysql_pconnect() or the implicit connection functionality built into ext/mysql.

ext/mysql was officially deprecated as of PHP 5.5 and has been removed as of PHP 7.

See the Red Box?

When you go on any mysql_* function manual page, you see a red box, explaining it should not be used anymore.

Why

---

Moving away from ext/mysql is not only about security, but also about having access to all the features of the MySQL database.

ext/mysql was built for MySQL 3.23 and only got very few additions since then while mostly keeping compatibility with this old version which makes the code a bit harder to maintain. Missing features that is not supported by ext/mysql include: (from PHP manual).

• Stored procedures (can’t handle multiple result sets)
• Prepared statements
• Encryption (SSL)
• Compression
• Full Charset support

Reason to not use mysql_* function:

• Not under active development
• Removed as of PHP 7
• Lacks an OO interface
• Doesn’t support non-blocking, asynchronous queries
• Doesn’t support prepared statements or parameterized queries
• Doesn’t support stored procedures
• Doesn’t support multiple statements
• Doesn’t support transactions
• Doesn’t support all of the functionality in MySQL 5.1

Above point quoted from Quentin’s answer

Lack of support for prepared statements is particularly important as they provide a clearer, less error prone method of escaping and quoting external data than manually escaping it with a separate function call.

See the comparison of SQL extensions.

---

Suppressing deprecation warnings

While code is being converted to MySQLi/PDO, E_DEPRECATED errors can be suppressed by setting error_reporting in php.ini to exclude E_DEPRECATED:

error_reporting = E_ALL ^ E_DEPRECATED

Note that this will also hide other deprecation warnings, which, however, may be for things other than MySQL. (from PHP manual)

The article PDO vs. MySQLi: Which Should You Use? by Dejan Marjanovic will help you to choose.

And a better way is PDO, and I am now writing a simple PDO tutorial.

---

A simple and short PDO tutorial

---

Q. First question in my mind was: what is `PDO`?

A. “PDO – PHP Data Objects – is a database access layer providing a uniform method of access to multiple databases.”

---

Connecting to MySQL

With mysql_* function or we can say it the old way (deprecated in PHP 5.5 and above)

$link = mysql_connect('localhost', 'user', 'pass');
mysql_select_db('testdb', $link);
mysql_set_charset('UTF-8', $link);

With PDO: All you need to do is create a new PDO object. The constructor accepts parameters for specifying the database source PDO‘s constructor mostly takes four parameters which are DSN (data source name) and optionally username, password.

Here I think you are familiar with all except DSN; this is new in PDO. A DSN is basically a string of options that tell PDO which driver to use, and connection details. For further reference, check PDO MySQL DSN.

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=utf8', 'username', 'password');

Note: you can also use charset=UTF-8, but sometimes it causes an error, so it’s better to use utf8.

If there is any connection error, it will throw a PDOException object that can be caught to handle Exception further.

Good read: Connections and Connection management ¶

You can also pass in several driver options as an array to the fourth parameter. I recommend passing the parameter which puts PDO into exception mode. Because some PDO drivers don’t support native prepared statements, so PDO performs emulation of the prepare. It also lets you manually enable this emulation. To use the native server-side prepared statements, you should explicitly set it false.

The other is to turn off prepare emulation which is enabled in the MySQL driver by default, but prepare emulation should be turned off to use PDO safely.

I will later explain why prepare emulation should be turned off. To find reason please check this post.

It is only usable if you are using an old version of MySQL which I do not recommended.

Below is an example of how you can do it:

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=UTF-8', 
              'username', 
              'password',
              array(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES => false,
              PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION));

Can we set attributes after PDO construction?

Yes, we can also set some attributes after PDO construction with the setAttribute method:

$db = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=testdb;charset=UTF-8', 
              'username', 
              'password');
$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
$db->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);

Error Handling

---

Error handling is much easier in PDO than mysql_*.

A common practice when using mysql_* is:

//Connected to MySQL
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM table", $link) or die(mysql_error($link));

OR die() is not a good way to handle the error since we can not handle the thing in die. It will just end the script abruptly and then echo the error to the screen which you usually do NOT want to show to your end users, and let bloody hackers discover your schema. Alternately, the return values of mysql_* functions can often be used in conjunction with mysql_error() to handle errors.

PDO offers a better solution: exceptions. Anything we do with PDO should be wrapped in a try–catch block. We can force PDO into one of three error modes by setting the error mode attribute. Three error handling modes are below.

• PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT. It’s just setting error codes and acts pretty much the same as mysql_* where you must check each result and then look at $db->errorInfo(); to get the error details.
• PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING Raise E_WARNING. (Run-time warnings (non-fatal errors). Execution of the script is not halted.)
• PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION: Throw exceptions. It represents an error raised by PDO. You should not throw a PDOException from your own code. See Exceptions for more information about exceptions in PHP. It acts very much like or die(mysql_error());, when it isn’t caught. But unlike or die(), the PDOException can be caught and handled gracefully if you choose to do so.

Good read:

• Errors and error handling ¶
• The PDOException class ¶
• Exceptions ¶

Like:

$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT );
$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING );
$stmt->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );

And you can wrap it in try–catch, like below:

try {
    //Connect as appropriate as above
    $db->query('hi'); //Invalid query!
} 
catch (PDOException $ex) {
    echo "An Error occured!"; //User friendly message/message you want to show to user
    some_logging_function($ex->getMessage());
}

You do not have to handle with try–catch right now. You can catch it at any time appropriate, but I strongly recommend you to use try–catch. Also it may make more sense to catch it at outside the function that calls the PDO stuff:

function data_fun($db) {
    $stmt = $db->query("SELECT * FROM table");
    return $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
}

//Then later
try {
    data_fun($db);
}
catch(PDOException $ex) {
    //Here you can handle error and show message/perform action you want.
}

Also, you can handle by or die() or we can say like mysql_*, but it will be really varied. You can hide the dangerous error messages in production by turning display_errors off and just reading your error log.

Now, after reading all the things above, you are probably thinking: what the heck is that when I just want to start leaning simple SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements? Don’t worry, here we go:

---

Selecting Data

So what you are doing in mysql_* is:

<?php
$result = mysql_query('SELECT * from table') or die(mysql_error());

$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);

while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result)) {
    echo $row['field1'];
}

Now in PDO, you can do this like:

<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');

while($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
    echo $row['field1'];
}

Or

<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');
$results = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

//Use $results

Note: If you are using the method like below (query()), this method returns a PDOStatement object. So if you want to fetch the result, use it like above.

<?php
foreach($db->query('SELECT * FROM table') as $row) {
    echo $row['field1'];
}

In PDO Data, it is obtained via the ->fetch(), a method of your statement handle. Before calling fetch, the best approach would be telling PDO how you’d like the data to be fetched. In the below section I am explaining this.

Fetch Modes

Note the use of PDO::FETCH_ASSOC in the fetch() and fetchAll() code above. This tells PDO to return the rows as an associative array with the field names as keys. There are many other fetch modes too which I will explain one by one.

First of all, I explain how to select fetch mode:

 $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)

In the above, I have been using fetch(). You can also use:

• PDOStatement::fetchAll() – Returns an array containing all of the result set rows
• PDOStatement::fetchColumn() – Returns a single column from the next row of a result set
• PDOStatement::fetchObject() – Fetches the next row and returns it as an object.
• PDOStatement::setFetchMode() – Set the default fetch mode for this statement

Now I come to fetch mode:

• PDO::FETCH_ASSOC: returns an array indexed by column name as returned in your result set
• PDO::FETCH_BOTH (default): returns an array indexed by both column name and 0-indexed column number as returned in your result set

There are even more choices! Read about them all in PDOStatement Fetch documentation..

Getting the row count:

Instead of using mysql_num_rows to get the number of returned rows, you can get a PDOStatement and do rowCount(), like:

<?php
$stmt = $db->query('SELECT * FROM table');
$row_count = $stmt->rowCount();
echo $row_count.' rows selected';

Getting the Last Inserted ID

<?php
$result = $db->exec("INSERT INTO table(firstname, lastname) VAULES('John', 'Doe')");
$insertId = $db->lastInsertId();

---

Insert and Update or Delete statements

What we are doing in mysql_* function is:

<?php
$results = mysql_query("UPDATE table SET field='value'") or die(mysql_error());
echo mysql_affected_rows($result);

And in pdo, this same thing can be done by:

<?php
$affected_rows = $db->exec("UPDATE table SET field='value'");
echo $affected_rows;

In the above query PDO::exec execute an SQL statement and returns the number of affected rows.

_{Insert and delete will be covered later.}

The above method is only useful when you are not using variable in query. But when you need to use a variable in a query, do not ever ever try like the above and there for prepared statement or parameterized statement is.

---

Prepared Statements

Q. What is a prepared statement and why do I need them?
A. A prepared statement is a pre-compiled SQL statement that can be executed multiple times by sending only the data to the server.

The typical workflow of using a prepared statement is as follows (quoted from Wikipedia three 3 point):

1. Prepare: The statement template is created by the application and sent to the database management system (DBMS). Certain values are left unspecified, called parameters, placeholders or bind variables (labelled ? below):

`INSERT INTO PRODUCT (name, price) VALUES (?, ?)`

1. The DBMS parses, compiles, and performs query optimization on the statement template, and stores the result without executing it.
2. Execute: At a later time, the application supplies (or binds) values for the parameters, and the DBMS executes the statement (possibly returning a result). The application may execute the statement as many times as it wants with different values. In this example, it might supply ‘Bread’ for the first parameter and 1.00 for the second parameter.

You can use a prepared statement by including placeholders in your SQL. There are basically three ones without placeholders (don’t try this with variable its above one), one with unnamed placeholders, and one with named placeholders.

Q. So now, what are named placeholders and how do I use them?
A. Named placeholders. Use descriptive names preceded by a colon, instead of question marks. We don’t care about position/order of value in name place holder:

 $stmt->bindParam(':bla', $bla);

bindParam(parameter,variable,data_type,length,driver_options)

You can also bind using an execute array as well:

<?php
$stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id AND name=:name");
$stmt->execute(array(':name' => $name, ':id' => $id));
$rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

Another nice feature for OOP friends is that named placeholders have the ability to insert objects directly into your database, assuming the properties match the named fields. For example:

class person {
    public $name;
    public $add;
    function __construct($a,$b) {
        $this->name = $a;
        $this->add = $b;
    }

}
$demo = new person('john','29 bla district');
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO table (name, add) value (:name, :add)");
$stmt->execute((array)$demo);

Q. So now, what are unnamed placeholders and how do I use them?
A. Let’s have an example:

<?php
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO folks (name, add) values (?, ?)");
$stmt->bindValue(1, $name, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->bindValue(2, $add, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->execute();

and

$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO folks (name, add) values (?, ?)");
$stmt->execute(array('john', '29 bla district'));

In the above, you can see those ? instead of a name like in a name place holder. Now in the first example, we assign variables to the various placeholders ($stmt->bindValue(1, $name, PDO::PARAM_STR);). Then, we assign values to those placeholders and execute the statement. In the second example, the first array element goes to the first ? and the second to the second ?.

NOTE: In unnamed placeholders we must take care of the proper order of the elements in the array that we are passing to the PDOStatement::execute() method.

---

SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE prepared queries

1. SELECT:

   $stmt = $db->prepare(“SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id AND name=:name”); $stmt->execute(array(‘:name’ => $name, ‘:id’ => $id)); $rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

2. INSERT:

   $stmt = $db->prepare(“INSERT INTO table(field1,field2) VALUES(:field1,:field2)”); $stmt->execute(array(‘:field1’ => $field1, ‘:field2’ => $field2)); $affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();

3. DELETE:

   $stmt = $db->prepare(“DELETE FROM table WHERE id=:id”); $stmt->bindValue(‘:id’, $id, PDO::PARAM_STR); $stmt->execute(); $affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();

4. UPDATE:

   $stmt = $db->prepare(“UPDATE table SET name=? WHERE id=?”); $stmt->execute(array($name, $id)); $affected_rows = $stmt->rowCount();

---

NOTE:

However PDO and/or MySQLi are not completely safe. Check the answer Are PDO prepared statements sufficient to prevent SQL injection? by ircmaxell. Also, I am quoting some part from his answer:

$pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
$pdo->query('SET NAMES GBK');
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM test WHERE name = ? LIMIT 1");
$stmt->execute(array(chr(0xbf) . chr(0x27) . " OR 1=1 /*"));

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To summarize the other answers and combine them with what I know, I found 10 main ways to do this (see below). Also, I wrote some performance tests (see results below). For example, if we want to find the sum of all of the keys and values of a map, we can write:

1. Using iterator and Map.Entry

   long i = 0;
   Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, Integer>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
   while (it.hasNext()) {
       Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> pair = it.next();
       i += pair.getKey() + pair.getValue();
   }
   

2. Using foreach and Map.Entry

   long i = 0;
   for (Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> pair : map.entrySet()) {
       i += pair.getKey() + pair.getValue();
   }
   

3. Using forEach from Java 8

   final long[] i = {0};
   map.forEach((k, v) -> i[0] += k + v);
   

4. Using keySet and foreach

   long i = 0;
   for (Integer key : map.keySet()) {
       i += key + map.get(key);
   }
   

5. Using keySet and iterator

   long i = 0;
   Iterator<Integer> itr2 = map.keySet().iterator();
   while (itr2.hasNext()) {
       Integer key = itr2.next();
       i += key + map.get(key);
   }
   

6. Using for and Map.Entry

   long i = 0;
   for (Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, Integer>> entries = map.entrySet().iterator(); entries.hasNext(); ) {
       Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> entry = entries.next();
       i += entry.getKey() + entry.getValue();
   }
   

7. Using the Java 8 Stream API

   final long[] i = {0};
   map.entrySet().stream().forEach(e -> i[0] += e.getKey() + e.getValue());
   

8. Using the Java 8 Stream API parallel

   final long[] i = {0};
   map.entrySet().stream().parallel().forEach(e -> i[0] += e.getKey() + e.getValue());
   

9. Using IterableMap of Apache Collections

   long i = 0;
   MapIterator<Integer, Integer> it = iterableMap.mapIterator();
   while (it.hasNext()) {
       i += it.next() + it.getValue();
   }
   

10. Using MutableMap of Eclipse (CS) collections

    final long[] i = {0};
    mutableMap.forEachKeyValue((key, value) -> {
        i[0] += key + value;
    });
    

Perfomance tests (mode = AverageTime, system = Windows 8.1 64-bit, Intel i7-4790 3.60 GHz, 16 GB)

1. For a small map (100 elements), score 0.308 is the best

   Benchmark                          Mode  Cnt  Score    Error  Units
   test3_UsingForEachAndJava8         avgt  10   0.308 ±  0.021  µs/op
   test10_UsingEclipseMap             avgt  10   0.309 ±  0.009  µs/op
   test1_UsingWhileAndMapEntry        avgt  10   0.380 ±  0.014  µs/op
   test6_UsingForAndIterator          avgt  10   0.387 ±  0.016  µs/op
   test2_UsingForEachAndMapEntry      avgt  10   0.391 ±  0.023  µs/op
   test7_UsingJava8StreamApi          avgt  10   0.510 ±  0.014  µs/op
   test9_UsingApacheIterableMap       avgt  10   0.524 ±  0.008  µs/op
   test4_UsingKeySetAndForEach        avgt  10   0.816 ±  0.026  µs/op
   test5_UsingKeySetAndIterator       avgt  10   0.863 ±  0.025  µs/op
   test8_UsingJava8StreamApiParallel  avgt  10   5.552 ±  0.185  µs/op
   

2. For a map with 10000 elements, score 37.606 is the best

   Benchmark                           Mode   Cnt  Score      Error   Units
   test10_UsingEclipseMap              avgt   10    37.606 ±   0.790  µs/op
   test3_UsingForEachAndJava8          avgt   10    50.368 ±   0.887  µs/op
   test6_UsingForAndIterator           avgt   10    50.332 ±   0.507  µs/op
   test2_UsingForEachAndMapEntry       avgt   10    51.406 ±   1.032  µs/op
   test1_UsingWhileAndMapEntry         avgt   10    52.538 ±   2.431  µs/op
   test7_UsingJava8StreamApi           avgt   10    54.464 ±   0.712  µs/op
   test4_UsingKeySetAndForEach         avgt   10    79.016 ±  25.345  µs/op
   test5_UsingKeySetAndIterator        avgt   10    91.105 ±  10.220  µs/op
   test8_UsingJava8StreamApiParallel   avgt   10   112.511 ±   0.365  µs/op
   test9_UsingApacheIterableMap        avgt   10   125.714 ±   1.935  µs/op
   

3. For a map with 100000 elements, score 1184.767 is the best

   Benchmark                          Mode   Cnt  Score        Error    Units
   test1_UsingWhileAndMapEntry        avgt   10   1184.767 ±   332.968  µs/op
   test10_UsingEclipseMap             avgt   10   1191.735 ±   304.273  µs/op
   test2_UsingForEachAndMapEntry      avgt   10   1205.815 ±   366.043  µs/op
   test6_UsingForAndIterator          avgt   10   1206.873 ±   367.272  µs/op
   test8_UsingJava8StreamApiParallel  avgt   10   1485.895 ±   233.143  µs/op
   test5_UsingKeySetAndIterator       avgt   10   1540.281 ±   357.497  µs/op
   test4_UsingKeySetAndForEach        avgt   10   1593.342 ±   294.417  µs/op
   test3_UsingForEachAndJava8         avgt   10   1666.296 ±   126.443  µs/op
   test7_UsingJava8StreamApi          avgt   10   1706.676 ±   436.867  µs/op
   test9_UsingApacheIterableMap       avgt   10   3289.866 ±  1445.564  µs/op
   

Graphs (performance tests depending on map size)

Table (perfomance tests depending on map size)

          100     600      1100     1600     2100
test10    0.333    1.631    2.752    5.937    8.024
test3     0.309    1.971    4.147    8.147   10.473
test6     0.372    2.190    4.470    8.322   10.531
test1     0.405    2.237    4.616    8.645   10.707
test2     0.376    2.267    4.809    8.403   10.910
test7     0.473    2.448    5.668    9.790   12.125
test9     0.565    2.830    5.952   13.220   16.965
test4     0.808    5.012    8.813   13.939   17.407
test5     0.810    5.104    8.533   14.064   17.422
test8     5.173   12.499   17.351   24.671   30.403

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